@article {1971291,
	title = {Bias in context: Small biases in hiring evaluations have big consequences.},
	journal = {Journal of Management},
	year = {2021},
	month = {2021},
	abstract = {It is widely acknowledged that subgroup bias can influence hiring evaluations. However, the notion that bias still threatens equitable hiring outcomes in modern employment contexts continues to be debated, even among organizational scholars. In this study, we sought to contextualize this debate by estimating the practical impact of bias on real-world hiring outcomes (a) across a wide range of hiring scenarios and (b) in the presence of diversity-oriented staffing practices. Toward this end, we conducted a targeted meta-analysis of recent hiring experiments that manipulated both candidate gender and qualifications to couch our investigation within ongoing debates surrounding the impact of small amounts of bias in otherwise meritocratic hiring contexts. Consistent with prior research, we found evidence of small gender bias effects (d = -0.30) and large qualification effects (d = 1.61) on hiring managers{\textquoteright} evaluations of candidate hireability. We then used these values to inform the starting parameters of a large-scale computer simulation designed to model conventional processes by which candidates are recruited, evaluated, and selected for open positions. Collectively, our simulation findings empirically substantiate assertions that even seemingly trivial amounts of subgroup bias can produce practically significant rates of hiring discrimination and productivity loss. Furthermore, we found contextual factors can alter but cannot obviate the consequences of biased evaluations,},
	keywords = {Business Analytics, Management},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206320982654},
	author = {Hardy,Jay and Tey,K. S. and Wilson,Cyrus and Martell,Richard and Olstad,Andrew and Uhlmann,Eric Luis}
}
